Notes:
The silver coin introduced during the reign of Sultan Mohammad-bin Tughlaq was called Adl.

Notes:
During the reign of Vidyadhara, the great ruler of the Chandella dynasty, Mahmud Ghazni invaded Kannauj in 1018, Kalinjar in 1019 AD and again in 1022 AD. Though, he was not able to capture the fort and had to retire with friendly terms.  During attack on Kannauj, its ruler Rajyapala had fled the city and was later killed by Vidyadhara.

Notes:
Iltutmish inscribed the name of Khalifa of Baghdad on his coins.

Notes:
Tabaqat-I-Akbari was written by Khwaja Nizammuddin Ahmed Harawi, written during the reign of Akbar. It is a history in nine parts from the first appearance of Islam in India up to the date of its composition in 1593-94. Tabaqat-i-Akbari is a very important source for the history of the Saiyid and Lodi Sultans.

Notes:
Firdausi was a persian poet and the author of Shahnameh also known as “Book of Kings”, which is one of the world’s longest epic and the national epic of Greater Iran.

Notes:
The Battle of Rasil was the first battle between an Arab Caliphate and a Hindu Kingdom. The Arab caliphate was Rashidun Caliphate Suhail ibn Adi was given command of this expedition by Caliph Umar. In this battle, the Raja Rasil of Rai Kingdom was defeated and the area around Makran coast was annexed into Caliph’s territories.

Notes:
In the battle of Battle of Aror, Raja Dahir’s Wife Rani Bai fled to the fort of Rawar with 15,000 troops from where she challenged Muhammad Bin Qasim for the battle. Muhammad bin Qasim chased her to Rawar and ordered his miners to dig and demolish the walls of the fort until the bastions were thrown down. Rani Bai, however, finding herself encircled, surrendered and burnt herself along with other ladies.

Notes:
Battle of Bahraich (1033) was a decisive battle between Raja Suheldev and Saiyyad Salar Masud of Ghazni in 1033 AD. This battle was fought near Bahraich city, Uttar Pradesh. In this battle, the invading Ghaznavid army of 100,000 people was completely annihilated leading the a pause on Muslim conquests for more than a century thereafter. The Ghaznavides were completely routed from all areas except Multan and Lahore. (This was in June 1033 AD at Behraich when Salar Masood Ghazni was killed with his entire Army with not a single person left alive. Raja Bhoj who ruled for around 50 years from 1000 to 1050 AD played a big role in this defeat of Masood. The tomb of Salar Masood Ghazni is still there in Behraich, Uttar Pradesh).

Notes:
The army of Mahmud of Ghazni included Turks as well as Arabs, Afghans, Dailamites, Khurasanis, Ghuris and Indians (Hindus). He had separate command of Hindu under the commander called sipahsalar-i-Hinduwan.

Notes:
The principal Hindu powers of Northern India about this time (end of 12th century) included Tomaras of Delhi, Gahadavlas, also known as Rathors of Kanauj, Chauhan of Ajmer, Solankis / Parmaras/ Bagheals of Gujarat and Malwa; and Palas and Senas of Bihar and Bengal. The Karkota dynasty was active between 625 – 885 AD.