Notes:
Thiruvalluvar was the author of the book ‘Tirukkural (also known as the Kural). It is a classic Tamil sangam literature consisting of 1330 couplets or Kurals. The book is also called as the fifth Veda or ‘Bible of the Tamil Land’.

Notes:
LATER VEDIC AGE – The Kekaya kingdom was situated on the bank of River Beas, east of Gandhar kingdom. King Aswapati ruled Kekaya when Janak was the king of Videha.

Notes:
The Vikramshila University was set up by the Pala dynasty king Dharmapala in the late 8th or early 9th century at Bhagalpur, Bihar. The ancient Vikramshila University was intended to complement the existing world class universities at Nalanda and Takshila. It lasted four centuries before being destroyed during an attack by Bakhtiyar Khilji of the Delhi Sultanate.

Notes:
Indian Railways, which is India’s national railway system is currently the India’s biggest nationalised enterprise. Indian Railways also manages the 4th largest railway network in the world.

Notes:
According to the constitution, following are the duties to be followed by every citizen of India:
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures
• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement